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Publications
This page list a variety of online and hardcopy publications addressing
biology weapons & codes of conduct (in part or
full); professional codes of conduct; and the
overall security threats posed by biological research.
For general publications about biological warfare and prohibitions see:
CBW Conventions
Bulletin
University of Bradford Briefing
Papers
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism:
Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science
Biological Weapons and Codes of Conduct
American Society
for Microbiology (ASM). 2002 - Conducting Research During the War
on Terrorism: Balancing Openness and Security 10 October.
Bush,
President G. 2001. President's Statement on Biological Weapons
1 November.
British Medical Association (BMA). 1999. Biotechnology, Weapons and
Humanity. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
BTWC Secretariat. 2005.Existing
Codes of Conduct which Refer to Biological and Toxin Weapons,
Codes
of Conduct Relevant to the Life Sciences or Biotechnology Which Do Not
Refer to Biological and Toxin Weapons, Review
and Analysis of Relevant Elements of Existing Codes of Conduct in Other
Fields, and Relevant
Organisations, Associations, Professional Bodies and Institutions Which
Might Serve as Sources of Guidance on the Formulation of Codes of Conduct
and as Agents for Adopting and Promulgating Such Codes.
Cournand 1977. ‘The Code of the Scientists’ Science
198: 699-705.
Dhanapala, Jayantha. 2003. ‘Defence Scientists Must Take an Ethical
Stance’ Financial Times 3 October.
The Guardian. 2002. 'Society Calls for Scientific Code of Conduct'
The Guardian. 6 November
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK). 2002. Strengthening the Biological
and Toxin Weapons Convention London: HMSO.
Hedén, Carol-Göran. 1968. ‘Perspective on an Identity
Card or Certificate for Scientists’ Scientific World 12
(4/5): 24-28.
House
of Commons – Science and Technology Committee (UK). The Scientific
Response to Terrorism 6 November 2003 London: HMSO.
House
of Commons -- Foreign Affairs Committee (UK). 2002. The Biological
Weapons Green Paper London: HMSO.
ICRC. Principles
of Practice Geneva: ICRC
International
Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. 2004. Preventing a Biological
Arms Race NATO Defense College Conference on Future Challenges For
Non-Proliferation Instruments Rome, Italy 16-17 March.
Journé,
Venance and Judith Reppy Pugwash
Workshop No. 286 Report Pugwash Workshop on Science, Ethics and Society
Paris, France, 27-29 June 2003
Lentzos, Filippa. 2006. ‘Managing Biorisks: Considering Codes of
Conduct’ Nonproliferation Review 13(2) July: 221.
National Research Council
(US). 2004. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism Committee
on Research Standards and Practice to Prevent the Destructive Application
of Biotechnology Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
National
Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity. 2007. Proposed Framework for
the Oversight of Dual Use Life Sciences Research Washington, DC:
NSABB.
Neto,
Roque Monteleone. 2003. 'Biology and Codes of Conduct' Proceeding of UNESCO
COMEST Third Session Rio de Janeiro 1-4 December 2003. 109-113 (warning
large file)
Paldy,
Lester. 1998. 'A Code of Ethics on Arms R&D for Scientists and Engineers'
Presented at The Sixth ISODARCO Beijing Seminar on Arms Control 29 October-1
November Shanghai, China.
Parry, Bill. 2005. 'Pandora's Box' The
Biologist 52(4):204-5.
Pigman, Ward and Emmett Carmichael ‘An Ethical Code for Scientists’
Science 1950 111: 643-647.
Rappert, B. 2007. ‘Codes of Conduct and Biological
Weapons’ Biosecurity & Bioterrorism 5(2): 145-154.
Rappert,
B. 2005. 'Biological Weapons and the Life Sciences: The Potential for
Professional Codes' Disarmament
Forum no1.
53-61.
Rappert,
B. 2004. Towards a Life Science Code: Countering Threats from Biological
Weapons
Rappert, B. 2003. ‘Coding Ethical Behaviour:
The Challenges of Biological Weapons’ Science & Engineering
Ethics 9(4).
Rappert, B. 2003. “Biological Weapons, Security
and Social Analysis: Part I New Genetics and Society 22(2): 169-182.
Rappert, B. 2003. “Biological Weapons, Security
and Social Analysis: Part II New Genetics and Society 22(3).
Robinson, J P Perry. 2004. ‘Codes of Conduct
and Individual Responsibility:
A posting for the ICRC extranet Biotechnology, Weapons & Humanity’
31 May
Rotblat, Joseph
‘Science and Humanity in the Twenty-First Century’
Royal
Society (UK). 2002. Response to Green Paper Strengthening the Biological
and Toxin Weapons Convention. London: Royal Society.
Royal
Society (UK). 2004. The Individual and Collective Roles Scientists
can Play in Strengthening International Treaties London: Royal Society
Science.
2003. 'Statement on Scientific Publication and Security' Science
222: 1149.
The Scientist.
2002. 'Conduct Unbecoming: International Code of Conduct for Biological
Scientists Being Considered. The Scientist 12 November.
Somerville,
M and R. Atlas. 2005. 'A Code of Ethics for the Life Sciences' Science,
Vol 307 (5717) 1881-1882.
Stimson
Center. 2002. Compliance through Science: US Pharmaceutical Industry
Experts on a Strengthened Bioweapons Nonproliferation Regime September.
Tucker, J.
2004. ‘Biological Threat Assessment: Is the Cure Worse Than the
Disease?’ Arms Control October
Wellcome Trust.
2003. Wellcome Trust Position Statement on Bioterrorism and Biomedical
Research.
World Medical Association.
2002. Declaraction of Washington on Biological Weapons.
Professional Codes of Conduct – General
For further bibliographic information see:
Codes of Ethics and Conduct
Codes of
Ethics Online – Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions
Backof, Jeanne and Charles Martin. 1991. ‘Historical Perspectives’
Journal of Business Ethics 10:99-110.
Cash, M. 1987. ‘Codes of Ethics, Organizational Behaviour and Misbehaviour’
Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy 9: 107-130.
Coady, M. and S. Bloch (eds). 1996. Codes of Ethics and Professions
Sydney: Melbourne University Press.
Davis, M. 1998. Thinking Like an Engineer Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Doig, Alan and John Wilson. 1998. ‘The Effectiveness of Codes of
Conduct’ Business Ethics 7(3): 140-149.
Evers.
K 2004. 'Standards for Ethics and Responsibility in Science -
an Empirical Study'
Evers.
K 2001. Standards for Ethics and Responsibility in Science
Evers. K 2000.
'Formulating International Ethical Guidelines for Science'
Fisher, Celia. 2003. ‘Developing a Code of Ethics for Academics’
Science and Engineering Ethics 9(2): 171-179.
Gotterbarn D. Not all codes are created equal. J Business Ethics
1999 22: 81-89.
Higgs-Kleyn, Nicola and Dimitr Kapelianis 1999. ‘The Role of Professional
Codes in Regulating Ethical Conduct’ Journal of Business Ethics
19: 363-374.
Iverson, Margot, Mark Frankel and Sanyin Siage. 2003. ‘Scientific
Societies and Research integrity’ Science and Engineering Ethics
9(2): 141-158.
Kaptein, Muel. 2004. ‘Business Codes of Multinational Firms’
Journal of Business Ethics 50: 13-31.
Kaptein, Muel and Johan Wempe. 1998. ‘Twelve Gordian Knots When
Developing an Organizational Code of Ethics’ Journal of Business
Ethics 517: 853-869.
Kristen Shrader-Frechette. 1994. Ethics of Scientific Research
Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield.
Ladd, John ‘The Question for a Code of Professional Ethics’
in D. Johnson Ethical Issues in Engineering Prentice Hall 1991:130-136.
Luegenbiehl ‘Codes of ethics and the Moral Education of Engineers’
in D. Johnson Ethical Issues in Engineering Prentice Hall 1991:136-
154.
Macdonald, S. 1995. The Sociology of the Professions London:
Sage.
Pels, P. 1999. 'Professions of Duplexity' Current Anthropology
40, 2, 101-114.
Reiser, Stanley and Ruth Bulger. 1997. ‘The Social Responsibilities
of Biological Scientists’ Science and Engineering Ethics 3(2):
137-143.
Soskolne, Colin and Lee Sieswerda. 2003. ‘Implementing Ethics on
the Professions’ Science and Engineering Ethics 9(2): 181-190.
Unger, Stephen. 1991. ‘Code of Engineering Ethics’ in D.
Johnson Ethical Issues in Engineering Prentice Hall: 105-130.
Whitbeck, Caroline. 1995. ‘Teaching Ethics to Scientists and Engineers’
Science and Engineering Ethics 1(3): 299-308.
Security Threats of Biological Research
AAAS (American Association
for the Advancement of Science) Resource: Science and National Security
in the Post-9/11 Environment
Association of American
Universities. Scientific Openness and Security Web Site
Alberts, B. 2002. 'Engaging in a Worldwide Transformation: Our Responsibility
as Scientists for the Provision of Global Public Goods' Annual Meeting
of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington, D.C.) April 29.
Alberts, B. & May, R. 2002. 'Scientists Support for Biological Weapons
Controls' 8 Science November 2002:1135.
Albright, P. 2003. 'Scientific
Openness and National Security' Presented at Meeting on National Security
and Research in the Life Sciences National Academies and the Center for
Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.) 9 January.
Block, S.
2002. "Facing the Growing Threat of Biological Weapons" 42nd
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology 14 December.
Dando, M. 2002. 'Future Incapacitating Agents' In Non-Lethal Weapons
Nick Lewer (ed) London: Frank Cass.
Dando,
M. and B. Rappert. 2005. Codes of Conduct for the Life Sciences: Some
Insights from UK Academia Bradford Briefing Paper No. 16 (2nd Series),
May.
Dennis, C. 2001. The Bugs of War. Nature 17 May: 232-5.
Epstein, G. 2003. 'Addressing
the Security Implications of National Research' Presented at Meeting on
National Security and Research in the Life Sciences National Academies
and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.)
9 January.
Epstein, G. 2001. 'Controlling Biological Warfare Threats' Critical
Reviews in Microbiology 27, 4, 321-354.
Fraser, C. & Dando, M. 2001. 'Genomics and Future Biological Weapons:
The Need for Preventive Action by the Biomedical Community' Nature
Genetics 22 October.
Green, Shane.
2004. Living Code - Physician-Scientists and Social Responsibility Ethics
Journal of the Amercian Medical Association
Knezo,
G. 2003. “Sensitive but Unclassified” and Other Federal
Security Controls on Scientific and Technical Information 2 April
Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Kwik, G., Fitzgerald, J.
Inglesby, T. and O'Toole, T. 2003. 'Biosecurity' Biosecurity and Bioterrorism
1(1).
Leitenberg, M.
2002. Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis.
Marburger, J. 2003. 'Perspectives
on Balancing National Security and Openness in the Life Sciences' Presented
at Meeting on National Security and Research in the Life Sciences National
Academies and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington,
D.C.) 9 January.
Medline.
Bibliographical investigation server about bioterrorism.
McLeish,
C. & P. Nightingale. 2005. Effective Action to Strengthen the
BTWC Regime: The Impact of Dual Use Controls on UK Science Bradford
Briefing Paper No. 17 (2nd Series). May.
Ministry of Defence. 1999. Defending Against the Threat from Biological
and Chemical Weapons July London: HMSO.
Morse, S. 2003. 'Bioterror
R&D' Presented at Meeting on National Security and Research in the
Life Sciences National Academies and the Center for Strategic and International
Studies (Washington, D.C.) 9 January.
Mullbacher, A. & Logbis, M. 2001. 'Creation of Killer Poxvirus Could
have been Predicted' Journal of Virology September: 8353-5.
New Scientist
-- Bioterrorism and Bioweapons Special Report
New Scientist. 2003. 'For Whose Eyes Only?' New Scientist 18
January, pg. 3.
Nixdorff, K. & Bender, W. 2002. 'Ethics of University Research, Biotechnology
and Potential Military Spin-Off' Minerva 40: 15-35.
Petro, J., T. Plasse and
J. McNulty. 2003. ‘Biotechnology: Impact on Biological Warfare and
biodefense’ Bioterrorism and Biosecurity 1(3): 161-168.
Poste, G. 2003.
'The Life Science' Presented at Meeting on National Security and Research
in the Life Sciences National Academies and the Center for Strategic and
International Studies (Washington, D.C.) 9 January.
Poste.
G. 2004.“Synthetic Biology: Charting Rational Public Policies For
the Oversight and Regulation of Vanguard Technologies”, ‘Presentation
at the Bio-design Institute ad Arizona State University’, 11th June
Relyea, H. 1994. Silencing Science Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
Shea, D. 2003. Balancing
Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns 10 January
Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Sunshine Project. 2003. US
Army Patents Biological Weapons Delivery System, Violates Bioweapons Convention
8 May Austin, TX: Sunshine Project.
Wheelis, M. and M. Dando. 2003. 'Back to Bioweapons?' Bulletin of
Atomic Scientists Jan/Feb.
Wright, S. (ed) 1990.Preventing A Biological Arms Race Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Zilinskas,
R. and Tucker, J. 2002. 'Limiting the Contribution of the Open Scientific
Literature to the Biological Weapons Threat' Journal of Homeland Security
December.
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